the castle of words

the castle of words

the chapters of life

the chapters of life

Thursday, 19 December 2013

Ethical Kevin: Aditya Prakash



©Kevin Carter 1993

I was Kevin Carter. My life was a farce. This room is dark. I feel cold. I feel hollow like something has eaten the person I used to be. I can’t feel my body. I can’t identify with myself. I am a junkie drawing on his white pipe, lying on his saggy couch in his despicable dark room. I shouldn’t live.

Sixteen months ago, in the March of ’93, I was absorbed by the scene before me. A child lay in the dust. Its elbows were bent and its forearms lay like dried sticks on the ground. Its knees were bent too and its face was in the mud. It was one of several famine victims, but the scene was made special by the presence of a vulture. This creature was scrutinizing the child from about 10 feet away.

I was experienced enough as a photojournalist by this time, to know that the scene had dramatic potential. I carefully squatted down to have my subjects at eye level. The vulture and the child were straight ahead of me and the gap between them made things very literal: A child lying in the dust and a vulture waiting on clear ground. I needed a more compelling shot that intertwined the fates of my subjects. I shuffled slowly to the right, clicking frenetically, afraid that the vulture would fly away. An average shot would obviously be better than no shot at all. After twenty minutes of quiet trial my camera was looking straight at the vulture. The child lay in the foreground to the right. My angle had greatly reduced the spatial aspect between them. It had made the vulture a desperate devil that would start gnawing at the child alive, if it didn’t collapse soon. It was no longer a quiet scavenger contemplating whether it will feed on death. It was a certain killer. The child itself now embodied the suffering of millions of Sudanese. The brutal war and resulting famine had reduced them to bony carrion. Its little body was prostrated in the dust, begging for life. It was this spectacle that I clicked and the drama won me the Pulitzer Prize in April, three months ago.

My work had received the highest praise in the world of photography. The photograph compressed the sufferings of the Sudanese and delivered them to the desk of the informed civilian. Several newspapers had bought the rights to publish the picture. That beautiful picture would be the banner of several Aid Programs.

So, if I kill myself now it may seem like I died in exhilaration. A man, who for unsaid reasons, decides to jump off the mountain he has just summited, climbing the stairway to heaven with fulfillment. It is not so. The Pulitzer was no achievement. The incident was a mirror that showed me the worthlessness of existence. It was an omen that foretold my death.

*

I was never the same after April. My motivation for my job was internally being questioned. As I ran behind angry mobs and clicked pictures of brutalities, I felt like a plant. My passiveness to the situations I was photographing had begun to disconcert me. I had been photographing for a decade. I had always believed that my photographs would expose injustice and bring about change. South Africa’s apartheid had now ended but it wasn’t because of me. I had been as insensitive as the trigger happy madmen who had butchered people on the streets in civil war. They had shot people as I shot photographs. But their lives were more fulfilled than mine. They had achieved their purpose. I had lived inconsequentially all along. Their bullets had ended lives which my photographs could not save.

The crumpled copy of the St. Petersburg Times on the desk reads, “The man adjusting his lens to take just the right frame of [the girl’s] suffering might just as well be a predator, another vulture on the scene”. I have read this line over and over again. With each reading, my soul seems to forge a stronger alliance with its author. My soul has defected from the sins of my self. It now finds solace among the various allegations that have shaken me over the past months. It seems to ask in unison with the confident blonde journalist at the press conference, “Why didn’t you help the child?” and my counter assertion that I did evaporates as distant echo.

As I countered this question with the excuse of professionalism in press conference after press conference, another journalist remarked, “It is understandable that getting the picture was priority but why could you not pick the girl up afterwards or at least shoo the vulture away?” After this, the buzz of dissent grew louder. The people were turning against me as I turned against myself. The barrier between my personal and professional life began to rot. I was left with desperate longing to unite with my daughter. I had never been a father to her. I never even married her mother.

*

“Do you know what happened to the girl?”, the jury of journalists had asked me. I was too weak to even attempt an answer. I had never been good to my little girl and I had not been good to someone else’s little girl. I had let her die in the desert and left her parents to mourn. I could only feel a wrinkly deflation of my self respect amidst the angry buzz. I didn’t care if the mob lynched me, like the several casualties I had photographed. I deserved it all.

All us photographers had wasted our lives. We could have saved a few people. We could have carried the wounded to hospital. Instead we chose to photograph. My colleague, Greg, won a Pulitzer for photographing a man who was stabbed multiple times and set on fire when he fell unconscious. The photograph was a cold piece of paper that hid the screams of the victim.

The white pipe wouldn’t relax me anymore. The weed laced with Mandrax in the Dagga would mellow me on the job. But now it cannot help me from slipping into introspection. Every time I smoke up, I feel the void in me get bigger. People have died because of me and it has taken me ten years to accept this. I cannot forgive myself. I must live in solitude, shut away from horrible memories and the guilt of my actions.
But Jo’burg or any other place in the world cannot offer me what I am looking for. I had written to a friend on my return from Sudan that, “Jo’burg is dry and brown and cold and dead, and so damn full of bad memories and absent friends”. There is no solitude for a man on this earth. There is always the cruel company of memory. This is when "the pain of life overrides the joy to the point that joy does not exist”.

***

Note: The quotation marks in Kevin’s internal speech are taken verbatim from his conversations with people. Kevin Carter died on July 27, 1994. This is a purely fictional account of what might have transpired in his mind before he decided to kill himself. This work is not meant to undermine his goodness as an individual.

Aditya is a second year student of the MA in Development Studies programme at TISS, Mumbai. 

Delayed justice: Note on the status of Plachimada Tribunal Bill 2011, Kerala: Divya Kalathingal







Brief history of the Plachimada Anti-Coca Cola struggle

Plachimada has become a bold name in the dictionary of peoples movements of India since 2002 because it symbolizes resistance against “global interests”.This is because of it’s unbowed struggle by the local people of that area - mainly Adivasis and Dalits and predominantly landless agricultural labourers. The local struggle has received consistent support from people of different walks of life against the biggest global water exploiter Coca Cola. 

Plachimada is a small village in the Perummatty Panchayat of Palakad district of Kerala. On contrary to their offer of development in the villages and jobs , water level of that area become sharply depleted, quality of the water changed, the villagers had forced to walk Kilometres to collect water , farmers were forced to give up their cultivation due to severe shortage of water etc. within six months of operation of the factory. In 2002, villagers launched an agitation against the plant.

Who is this Coca-Cola?

Coca-cola, an Atlanta based ‘soft drink’ company reintroduced in India after its ban of sixteen years. In 1977, Cola had to leave the country based on the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, but it was whole heartedly welcomed in India by the Liberalization policy in 1993..! It’s products range from Coca-Cola, diet Coke, Sprite, Fanta, Schweppes, Thums Up, Limca, Maaza, Citra, Gold Spot, Kinley water etc etc.. “The Coca-Cola Company received approval from the government in July 1996 to set up a holding company to invest US$700 million in downstream operating subsidiaries to engage in the preparation, packaging, sale and distribution of beverages. In July 1997, the holding company was permitted by the government to operationalize its bottling subsidiaries. The bottling subsidiary currently owns and operates twenty-six bottling plants and sixty distribution centers across India. The company claims that the Coca-Cola system in India directly employs over 7,000 workers. For every direct job in the system, seven indirect jobs are created in the supply chain. However this has not been materialized in Plachimada where only 30 odd locals are being given some casual jobs, that even as contract labourers. According to the company, over the past nine years, it has invested US$827 million in India, US$805 million of which has been invested in its bottling subsidiary. This makes Coke as one of the major investors in India. It seems that the company used unethical methods to overcome FDI ownership regulations, which stipulates that foreign companies must hold an initial public offering (IPO) when establishing a company, allowing locals to buy a stake.” (quoted from this document)

Banning of the “Soft drink”


A study conducted by the Centre for Science and Environment in 2003 shows Pepsico and Coca cola contain toxins including lindane, DDT, malathion -pesticides that can contribute to cancer and breakdown of the immune system. Water Analysis done by the Regional Analytical Laboratory shows that the water is not advisable to employ because of the high alkaline and chloride content. With the help of BBC team, the sludge was tested in the UK and test revealed the presence of cadmium and lead and it has started contaminating the water supply and its level was above the prescribed level of WHO. The involvement of international media could carry forward the struggle into the global level. Scientific studies emphasizing water contamination and pesticide presence in the cola also fuelled the struggle, and the people of Plachimada started an indefinite strike against the factory. Perumatty Gramapanchayat stood strongly with the people in the legal war, Panchyat cancelled their license many times. Later on GP was forced to renew the license based on a division bench verdict by the Kerala High Court. The Pollution Control Board disagreed to renew the license because the Company’s application was incomplete and they did not mention cadmium and lead in their solid waste list. In 2006, Kerala state Govt. banned the sale and production of Coca-Cola, along with other soft drinks, due to concerns of high levels of pesticide residue, but High Court of Kerala overturned the Kerala ban, ruling that only the federal government can ban food products..!!

HLWC and The Bill

In 2009, state formed a High Power Committee to consider the environment and other issues created by the functioning of the Coca Cola factory, but they limited their study by calling for people to take their loss and it remained as a compensatory package of Rs 216 crore to acquire from the company. Certain conditions cannot be revised in this area such as ecological damage caused by the company to the entire area and its impact on health, agriculture, employment and also the most important thing is that scarcity of potable water etc. cannot be covered by this package. The committee also recommended the setting up of a special tribunal to assess damages and to recover that amount from the company.

Some of the features of Tribunal:
  • Tribunal consists of three members-Legal expert, Technical expert and Environment expert
  • The word Dispute in the bill shall confirm into two prerequisites-One, Parties to the dispute shall be company on he one hand the residents of the Perumatty and Pattencherry Panchayt on the other side. State govt can expand the list of Panchayats as and when necessary. So the bill has the scope to include the nearby villages necessary. Second, the subject matter of the dispute shall be ‘any issue in respect of matters arising out of violation of the provisions of the laws relating to the environment, air and water pollution’.
  • Tribunal has jurisdiction to ‘entertain applications for compensation or restitution of property damaged’. The bill provides that dispute pending before any court(except High Court or Supreme Court) or other authority shall be transferred to the tribunal.
  • The Bill makes it mandatory for the Tribunal to apply the principle of sustainable development.

C.R. Bijoy, a social activist writes that the crucial issues such as governance rights in water resources of the local people and the criminal liability of Coca cola should have been the focus of Plachimada struggle, never been a matter of discussion. It has been more than two years since the Kerala Assembly passed a Bill to set up a Tribunal. Even though The Plachimada Coca cola Victims Relief and Compensation Claim Tribunal Bill, 2011 is not trying to give answers to all the damages that caused in Plachimada by the Coca Cola plant, it is not signed by the Indian president for the last two years. Kerala governor has sent this bill to the President for the approval, but it should go through the home ministry to the president. Other than sending the bill to the President, Chidambharam, Union minister has sent this to different departments for their suggestions, none of the depts turned against the bill. That bill was supposed to send to the President with feedbacks from the other depts.. Neither Indian president signed in this nor they have sent back this to the Kerala Governor by saying that it is under state Govt. Jurisdiction. The Kerala right regime has completely failed to materialize the bill by pressuring in the Central Govt. (Coca Cola was also brave enough to launch “safe drinking water” scheme named “Jeevadhaara” in Ernakulam Govt Hospital as part of their CORPORATE social responsibility in 2011)

How can the student community contribute?

Globally, there has been various campaigns against Coca cola’s pollution in two issues which are always getting highlighted, one is Plachimada and the other is murder of Trade Union leaders inthe Coca Cola factory in Columbia. Anti coca cola struggles always received a huge response from the student community across the world. Many universities of UK and USA denied permission for the coca cola vending machine in their campuses. It could only create one million dollar business loss to the company. Whatever limitations The Plachimada Tribunal Bill holds, it remains as the only relief for the victims of ground water depletion and environmental pollution. Many groups of Kerala are launching a continuous campaign to materialise the bill from this month onwards. Student community all over the world showed their solidarity for the struggle from the beginning itself. We can also be a part !

Be in solidarity with the people of Plachimada
Coca Cola -QUIT PLACHIMADA; QUIT INDIA


Divya is a 2nd year M Phil Scholar at T.I.S.S, Mumbai
She can be reached at divyakmankada@gmail.com