the castle of words

the castle of words

the chapters of life

the chapters of life

Friday, 30 August 2013

संकरी गलियों का समाज: वकार उस्मानी


 
Image source: http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/nation/the-weaver-waiver

उत्तर प्रदेश सर्वाधिक छोटे नगरों वाला प्रदेश है . इनही नगरों में से एक है मऊ नाथ भंजन जो अनेक कारणों से राजकीय राजनितिक पटल पर एक खास विशेषता रखता है. अपने स्वरुप के अनुरूप ही इसकी वर्तमान व्यस्था है. नगर का मुस्लिम बहुल होना इसे एक स्वभाव देता है जिसने राजनितिक आकाँक्षाओं की पूर्ति के लिए इसे क्षेत्रिय प्रयोगशाला बना डाला है. सत्तर प्रतिशत बुनकरों वाला ये नगर अपने भविष्य को इस वर्तमान में सुनिश्चित करने में अयोग्य पाता है. समस्याओं के अम्बार झेल रहे इस नगर में वर्तमान में अब केवल बिजली ही एक मात्र समस्या नहीं है पर ये ज़रूर है की यही एक समस्या अन्य समस्याओं को पनपने में योगदान दे रही है. बिजली लूमो में जान भरती है जो स्वाभाविक रूप से नगर की प्राथमिक प्रवृत्ति को निखार देती है. ये बिजली ही लूमो की खटर पटर के माध्यम से एक जटिल सामाजिक सम्बन्ध को जन्म एवं बढ़ावा देती है जो नगर के वाणिज्यिक विकास एवं सौहार्दता को बल प्रदान करती है. लूमों की गति विशेषतः बटे हुए समाज को बाधने का प्रतीक है क्योंकि इस पूरे वाणिज्यिक तंत्र में जहाँ साडी उत्पादन कुशल मुस्लिम कारिगर एवं घराने करते हैं तो धागे एवं कच्चे माल की बेहतर खेप की आपूर्ति एक कुशल हिन्दू बनिया व्यसायी ही सुद्रिड करता है. उसी प्रकार से साडी की डिजाइनिंग और ग्राफ एक मुस्लिम करता है तो पट्टा कटाई एक कुशल हिन्दू कारीगर करता है एवं सबसे महत्वपूर्ण है ख़राब हुए लूम मशीन को सही करने वाले कारीगर जो कि जकाट तकनीशियन के नाम से प्रसिद्ध हैं केवल हिन्दू ही हैं

आज़ादी के बाद दंगो की विभीषिका झेले हुए और विशेष रूप से बटे समाज में विकास की राजनीति मानो दम घोट रही हो. दिशाहीन सरकारी नीतियों के दुस्साहसी नतीजे कभी भी क्षेत्रिय दैनिक में बहस का मुद्दा नहीं बनते बल्कि राजनितिक द्वेष पुर्ण सामाजिक पुनः वर्गीकरण का सधा हुआ प्रयास किया जाता है. (मुख्य धारा ?) अंग्रेजी मीडिया के पढने वाले कम है इसलिए वो कोई प्रयास नहीं करते

केवल मऊ ही नहीं बल्कि पूरे उत्तर भारत के छोटे कस्बो की मुस्लिम नारीयों की दशा पर बहुत कम लिखा एवं समझा जाता है और इसके लिए क्षेत्रिय बुद्धजीवी वर्ग सर्वाधिक जिम्मेदार है. मुझे व्यक्तिगत रूप से मऊ जाने का अवसर अपने स्नात्कोत्तर शोध के सिलसिले में मिला

मऊ की महिलाएं जिनमे अधिकतर अंसारी मुस्लिम समाज की होती हैं कई प्रमुख कारणो से विशेष हैं क्योंकि इनका रहन सहन, शिक्षा एवं इनका घरेलू वस्त्र उत्पादन में मुख्य भुमिका उन्हें अपने पुरुष प्रधान समाज में एक विशेष स्थान देता है. यहाँ शिक्षा सबके लिए समान है और वो है मदरसे जिसमे मुख्यतः सभी बुनकर लड़कियां शिक्षा पाती हैं. कुछ गिने चुने कॉलेज हैं पर मदरसों की कम लागत एवं धार्मिक शिक्षा देने की प्रबल भावना इन्हें इससे बेहतर विकल्प की ओर अग्रसर नहीं करती. अधिकांश लड़कियां बड़े छोटे आयु से ही बुनकारी की कुशलता से ओतप्रोत होजाती हैं. इनको अपने समाज में एक बेहतर एवं कुशल कारीगर के रूप में उद्योग में सहायता एवं बढ़ावा देने की क्षमता के रूप में देखा जाता है. इनका विवाह भी मुख्यतः कम आयु में ही किया जाता है और इनके लिए वर भी नगर के ही किसी दुसरे मोहल्ले में ढूढा जाता है. ये प्रथा जातिवादी एवं कुशल कारीगर को नगर के भीतर ही खपाने की कवायद जैसा ही है. जातिवादी मुस्लिम जैसे कि शेख़, सय्यद एवं पठानो में इनका विवाह नहीं होता.

सरकारी तंत्र एवं पुरुष प्रधान समाज इनके बहुमूल्य जीवन को मुख्य धारा मे न लाने हेतु परस्पर ज़िम्मेदार है. सरकारी निष्क्रियता जोकि आधारभूत सुविधाओं जैसेकि स्कूल, कॉलेज, पोलिटेक्निक एवं अस्पताल जैसी सुविधाएँ देने में असफल है समाज के पुरुषप्रधान ढांचे को ही बल देता है. नगर में सेक्युलर स्पेसेस जैसे कि पार्क इत्यादि की कोई व्यस्था नहीं है जहाँ ये वर्ग कुछ समय बिता सके पर नगर में कम्युनल स्पेसेस की भरमार है जैसे की मुहर्रम मैदान, रामलीला ग्राउंड इत्यादि जोकि पुरुष प्रधान समाज से संचालित होते हैं. बुनकर महिलाओं का जीवन मुख्यतः संकरी गलियों में बने घरों की जुगाड़ लूम मशीन के इर्द गिर्द या घरेलु कार्यों में ही व्यतीत होता है. लूमों की खटर पटर की धुन मानो इन महिलाओं को एक जटिल परिवेश में थोपा हुआ संगीतमय जीवन देता हो.

Waqar is a second year student of the MA in Development Studies programme at TISS, Mumbai.

Thursday, 29 August 2013

On the Theory/Practice Divide, Part II: Indivar Jonnalagadda

Part I of this article can be read here.


Ethics of Receptivity:

A friend of my friend Vikrant says there is a general condition that prevails over young people today. He calls it “dead eyes”. I interpret this in two ways: the first one is simple, I see it as a conscious ignorance out of apathy; the other is slightly complicated, it is a view so deeply and stubbornly biased as to render one effectively blind. For me, both these ways of seeing are the result of dead eyes.

It is the people with open eyes that I admire and am inspired by. But I agree with that friend of a friend of mine - it certainly is a general condition to have dead eyes. I feel it too and though it shames me everytime to realize how dead-eyed I've been about something, I feel that “eye-opening” experiences are humbling. I really think that the attitude proper to learning is one of humility and open-ness. Learning and engagement are better words than knowledge and action.

I used the term dead-eyes simply for its poetic appeal. I definitely do not mean to suggest that seeing is the only mode of receptivity. We know that various schools of thought have exposed the violence of the gaze, where the legitimate power to represent is attributed to the “knowledgeable” gaze. I say various because I'm not only referring to Foucault's work here, but also the critique of the participant-observer position that emerged in ethnography, and many other post-colonial critiques. There is definitely a deep bias when it comes to how we define authority in knowledge. There is a serious tendency to undervalue situated knowledge. I argued earlier for recognizing emergence in social phenomena at different levels. Shutting any sense to information from a particular level is surely disingenuous. Also, it is not simply a matter of different levels, we must respect the differences of particular spaces or contexts.

Now, in some sense talking like a pragmatist, I would say this whole dispute over the relative importance of theory and practice is a pseudo-problem. Practice cannot be divorced from theory and there is no final theory that can resist challenges from experience. This pseudo-problem distracts from the dire need for a simultaneous reconstruction of both learning and engagement.

Intellectual Parachuting:

Another friend (Abhinav Tyagi), this time my own, whom I met during my internship in Palamau, Jharkhand coined this witty term “intellectual parachuting”. This is the phenomenon wherein an intellectual with the best intentions and much knowledge is figuratively air-dropped into the field, only to find his intentions and knowledge fit awkwardly with the reality of the field. Of course, this friend of mine graduated from TISS and he's telling me, another grad student presently in TISS! So certainly we ourselves could be called intellectual parachuters. I think this idea is somewhat justifiable but it's not an end-point. It should facilitate the recognition of one's awkwardness vis-a-vis the field of engagement, that is essential. Although the power relations between the “learned” and the “unlearned” cannot be undone by simply recognizing them, it can be a starting-point from where we can begin addressing the problems.

The NGO, where I and two others were interning, had a sizeable work-force consisting of locals (mostly male members of local tribes) and a couple of ex-students of TISS. We were participating in the Supreme Court Commissioner's Office's Pilot Project to "enable government to deliver to the poorest". 3 districts in India had been selected for the pilot, one of them being Palamau. The project was conceptualized by the aforementioned Office. Partner NGOs in each of the districts are funded by Action Aid. However, the project is intended to be an experiment in participatory development. The main objective is to enable a target group selected for being the “worst-off” in the district to conduct PRAs (participatory rural appraisal) and to formulate a comprehensive plan for their tola(neighbourhood). The larger objective was to get Panchayati Raj institutions functioning and to enable people to participate in them freely.

I shan't use this space to elaborate on further details of the project, but I wish to put forth certain aspects of the project that I found striking. It must be mentioned that the NGO we were working with is an activist organization which is in the early stages of transforming into a more professional NGO-like setup. This explains their employing TISS graduates for one, but also has telling effects on the local “cadre”. This cadre isn't paid much and work in dangerous parts, remote villages deep in the forest in the “Naxal belt”. Some of them have been with the NGO for a long time and have led activist lives. Now with a laptop in tow and many spread-sheets to be drafted, they find themselves under-motivated and alienated. They're all immensely confident of their knowledge of the areas assigned to them, most of them have also mastered several computer skills. They've all worked to establish strong networks in those areas so that their work there can be carried out smoothly. Despite this they are the least heard voice in the pilot project.

When a decisive meeting regarding the project took place it was between the state, the NGO and the funding agency. The poorest did not actually get a chance to say whether the government had infact reached out to them.

This NGO is headed by a man I came to greatly admire. He was extremely perceptive and insightful, he could hold his ground in the face of the biggest local goons and also the supreme court commissioner. He was also rather suspicious of us elite students. All in all, he was totally committed to working for the oppressed and was steadfast in his conviction that what matters to him most are their voices. Yet, I would be lying if I said that I was wholeheartedly inspired. He's only one man in a large organization (that is getting linked into a large, international industry), he heads over a team of alienated workers whom he is now able to inspire only partially.

Photo: The NGO Office at Palamau

Photo: Intellectual Parachuting?


In Conclusion:

The point I've been trying to drive at is that this model of theory being handed down from the planners to the practitioners at the grassroot level is prone to great distortions. We should rather strive for a model where learning and engagement can proliferate at every level. This is not a critique of the very idea of policy, but as I've already mentioned there is certainly a lack of an ethics of receptivity which can mute the virtues of apparently flexible decentralized policies. In the dispute over the relative importance of theory and practice, both the extreme positions are unwarrantably self-gratifying. It is definitely true that today theory is privileged in various respects and this needs to be deconstructed, but the reconstruction cannot simply be a reversal of this structure. It must rather be a recognition of the contiguities between theory and practice, of the emergent nature of social phenomena across levels, of the differences across contexts, and of the value of situated knowledge.

Indivar is a second year student of the MA in Development Studies programme at TISS, Mumbai.

Monday, 26 August 2013

News Alert: FC Exams Cancelled Because of Corporate Lobbying!

This is a piece of satire by first year students who prefer to remain anonymous.
 
Photo: Why is it empty? Must be because of neoliberalism


Yesterday was a black day in history of TISS as it finally became part of the league it was fighting against. The foundation course, taught to TISS junior students, will have no written examinations. Instead a revolutionary new system of evaluation will be in place which will take into account the TWH to grade them (TWH- Total Waking Hours, more on this in next article).

We asked a Delhi University  loafer looking first year student for his comments. "Bhak sala", he said, shooing us away with serious lack of respect for the journalistic profession. What has TISS come to?

In a proverbial sense, this situation is akin to having darkness under the nose of the lightbulb. For the previous 3 quarters of the century, TISS has been fighting against forces of capitalism, oppression and campus promiscuity, but yesterday, it finally gave in. To the first two that is, it still remains serious about fighting healthy sexual relations mischief among students.

It is to be noted that the speculations about lobbying in TISS are not new. Many conspiracy theories have been spawned about the mysterious sightings of suited, dicey looking men and women doing the rounds of TISS (could have been HR guys, but anyway).

Coming to the current scenario, initial reports say that the main hand involved in this policy change was of the Corporate house of Hot Spot and Oasis. Reports suggest that the FC examinations in the TISS have led the students away from the material pursuits of the world leading to a huge loss in the current quarterly reports of Hotspot and the ilk. Many student groups condemned this development in hundreds of posters that have appeared all over the campus. We asked the administration what they thought of this powerful radical and progressive dissent. "Bhak sala", they said and shooed us away too. As you see, TISS is a difficult place for investigative journalism but we promise to keep you updated!


 

Hot Sun and Cool Lemonade: Koorada Durgarao

Raju walking ahead of me
It was mid-afternoon on a scorching summer day. After travelling for two hours, I had reached a sign board on the side of the road that said I was nearly at my destination. An organic village- where almost all farmers were engaged in organic farming. I had been cut off from main road a long time back and there was no signal on my mobile. My field contact ,Raju, was to guide me to another village for my planned interviews with organic farmers. With a little difficulty, I could finally contact him and we decided to follow the schedule. The village that we had to go to was 4 km away and there was no transportation available.

We decided to walk all five km though it was a rocky and hilly area. I'm always happy about walking! But, this time, I was in a hurry and a little apprehensive about the availability of farmers at that time. With hope in my heart and a bag on my back, I started walking in silence besides Raju. It was mid-day and there was nobody around. There was absolute silence all around us, broken only by our footsteps. After travelling this way for maybe half the distance, we stopped for a few minutes under the shade of a tree to save ourselves from the sun. After that small break, we continued our journey under the angry sun. Our footsteps created clouds of dust once again. But we started talking to each other and left the silence behind under the shade.

Talking to Raju, I was surprised to find out that the very person walking next to me cultivated around 23 varieties of crops on his three acre plot of land. He depended on his own labour and lived off his own land. Raju shared with me the satisfaction he got from shifting to organic farming:

'In each village, farmers formed co-operative groups. We brought changes in cultivation practices in by bringing changes in our lives. Each farmer would cultivate at least eight to ten varieties of crops in their three to four acres of land. With the increase in income and by saving costs on fertilisers farmers became self-sufficient and their economic condition improved. All this came together to improve social relations between us and created a sense of collectivism.'

With improved economic conditions and social capital, Raju's community got together to fight against alcohol production and consumption in their villages. They created new social norms around drinking and other such social problems. I thought of Maslow's hypothesis. Improved economic conditions after the fulfilment of basic needs appeared to have given rise to a new set of social needs in Raju and his community.

As I was lost in his narration, the distance shortened and sun could not do anything to stop us from travelling. In the near distance we could see the village and after climbing a small hill we reached the village and interacted with the farmers. I was already convinced that something good was happening here, that their farming practices were improving for the better. But as a duty bound researcher, I opened my questionnaire and filled in their responses.

By the time I completed the interviews; one farmer brought thick lemon juice and offered it to us. After such a long walk in the sun, the lemon juice brought us to heaven.

With data sheets filled, taste buds satisfied, and content deep inside because of Raju’s narration of the change they could bring to their villages – development in its truest sense- I started my journey back. But this time, the road seemed joyful like never before.

Durga is a second year student of the MA in Development Studies programme at TISS, Mumbai. He did fieldwork for his dissertation in the Adilabad district of Andhra Pradesh where he interviewed sixty organic farmers with the help of the Chetna Organic Organization.

Sunday, 25 August 2013

On the Theory/Practice Divide: Indivar Jonnalagadda




A Constant Dilemma of Life in TISS

The debate regarding the relative importance of theory and practice is an everyday feature of life at TISS. Intuitively, we all see that theory and practice have a reciprocal influence. Almost nobody would deny that both are important and we need some sort of synthesis of the two. But that's easier said than done! Taking the particular context of development theory and practice, one is presented with an elaborate division of labour. The normative principles are being provided by the high ethical philosophy of the West, the working principles by more proximate think-tanks,while implementation is in the hands of an army of foot-soldiers consisting of locals and social workers. A whole industry of development has arisen, with students from institutes like TISS zealously lining up for a placement at some level or the other. But besides this, there are also other problems --- deeper questions about the relationship between representation (theory/knowledge) and reality. I wish to explore this relationship and also to reflect on certain possibilities for a reconstruction of the development discourse. I won't go about placing my thoughts very systematically, but I'll try to convey them in a simpler way by presenting certain fragments from my readings and my experiences in “the field”.

Heidegger's Silence/Arendt's Laughter

Martin Heidegger was one of the most influential philosophers of the 20th century and also one of the most controversial for his allegiance with the Nazis. Heidegger lived for two decades after the war but never spoke out in self-defence or self-reproach. It was Hannah Arendt, another great 20th century philosopher (and incidentally, Heidegger's ex-lover) who spoke out.

Arendt refers to a tale from the time of birth of Western philosophy: a tale of Thales, the so-called first-philosopher. The story goes --- one day as Thales was strolling with his eyes on the stars he fell into a ditch. There happened to be a girl along the wayside who laughed and reproached Thales. What is the point of his knowledge of the stars if he can't see what lies below his feet? Arendt recasts herself as the laughing girl and Heidegger as the fallen philosopher.

She identifies Heidegger's flaw as retreating too far into vita contempletiva (the contemplative life) which is harmfully absent-minded and judges from such a great distance that it dissociates from vita activa (the life of action in concert with others). She points out that viewed from such a distance “one inevitably sees the people as a rabble to be controlled by one form or other of authoritarianism, rather than a human plurality to be participated in and celebrated.” She calls the purely contemplative life a “living death.”
Hegel Upside Down

Now let's rewind one century further back to another pair of grand philosophers: Hegel and Marx.

Hegel's philosophy is astoundingly systematic and had an unparalleled influence in early 19th century Germany. Hegel propounded a ground-breaking theory of development which saw history as the process of the development of ideas, where ideas progressed dialectically, i.e. new ideas emerged out of a synthesis of prevalent ideas and their contradictions (thesis and antithesis).

A young Marx found himself surrounded by Hegelians. His relation with Hegel's thought was mixed. He admired Hegel's historical thinking and his dialectic, but loathed his privileging of ideas over material reality. At that time, there were two factions of Hegelians, the Old and the Young. The Old Hegelians believed philosophy could by itself bring about social change while the Young Hegelians believed that only radical actions could bring about a social change. Marx, however, believed them all to be misled since in his view Hegel's dialectic was flawed. In his Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right Marx makes the 2 following statements:

1. “(The Old Hegelians) tried to make philosophy a reality without first abolishing it”

2. “(The Young Hegelians) tried to abolish philosophy without first making it a reality.”

In dialectical thought the word “abolish” has a particular meaning. To put it very simplistically, to abolish refers to the act of rejecting while preserving certain elements. Hegel would preserve the rational elements while Marx would preserve the revolutionary/progressive elements. Returning to the above statements, they indicate that Marx believed representation(knowledge) and reality to be dialectically related. Their synthesis then is the basis of our practices and for Marx it is only through a commitment to practice that desirable social change can be brought about. I tend to agree at some level, but with certain reservations that I shall elaborate on.

The importance of Marx's contribution cannot be understated. I think even today when the theory/practice distinction is invoked we are somewhere referring to the problematic as framed by Young Marx in the early 19th century. But surely Young Marx's ideas can also be “abolished”. For instance, his idea that representation and reality are dialectically related. We cannot count on a single determining factor for their synthesis, it is multiply-determined if not overdetermined. So, if as Marx says, practice is the synthesis of knowledge and reality, then I find myself with a great deal of doubt and scepticism everytime I act. In this respect, the words of the German romantics Novalis and Schlegel in their critique of Hegel come to mind: “It is equally fatal to the spirit to have a system and not to have a system. It will simply have to combine the two.”

Although I am no fan of romanticism, their critique is compelling. While the dialectic can be immensely useful in identifying large patterns, it misses out on other things, what Novalis and Schlegel would call “fragments”. Thus, I think that we cannot be satisfied with broad structural understandings, but such an understanding must also be accompanied by knowledge from the fragment, the particular, the deviant, the random. Or to be less vague, there is no doubt that social phenomena are emergent, i.e. although we might understand the constituents of a system, this understanding would not help us understand the phenomena that result out of their interaction. For example, we might have a comprehensive understanding of the behaviour of various nation states, but that does not help us arrive at a satisfactory understanding of international relations. For that, we would require new concepts and new theories. Social phenomena at every level are emergent. It is valuable to understand every level and resist the tendency or desire to privilege a particular level. I hope that the reader can see where I'm going with this. If not, I believe the next couple of fragments will help to clarify. In part 2 of this article I will present to you some observations from an internship experience.


Indivar is a second year student of the MA in Development Studies Programme at TISS, Mumbai. Part II of this article can be read here.

Saturday, 24 August 2013

Notes from Sonagachi : Poornima Thapa



Football under the "golden tree": Week 1, Sonagachi, Kolkata
  

It could have been a usual nondescript government school playground, in a regular resettlement colony, in any city of India. But it was different. 
 
It was not the kind of scene that one envisions when thinking about Asia’s largest red-light district which houses more than ten thousand brothel based sex workers. Adolescent boys, in purple and red and fresh new cleats, were bolting around the field. Some were tackling a football, others were trying to warm up, hopping, kicking the air, gleaming with perspiration. It was the football match Sonagachi had been looking forward to. 
 
The ground was hardly appropriate - with puddles and bits of stone scattered around. The spectators, mostly young men from the community, lined the boundary. Some squatting on the grass, others perched on bricks or fences. A lone mongrel was scampering around near the Titagarh Goalpost, bewildered at the conglomeration. The extras in their keds were competing for the spotlight, trying to hit the ball between the goalposts, flaunting their head-butts. The potbellied referee blew the whistle and the ground was cleared for the match. The young men were all charged up and as the match began with ‘Waka Waka’ playing on the loudspeakers, they made it very clear that they meant business. 
 
The match was being played out between Team Titagarh and Team Seoraphully as part of the Padatik Football League(PFL) funded by UNFPA . PFL was an initiative of the Amra Padatik Programme, the sports arm of Durbar Mahila Samanwaya Committee(DMSC). DMSC began in 1995 as a HIV/STI (sexually transmitted infection) intervention programme under Dr Samarjit Jana. Today it encompasses several initiatives which focus on multiple issues surrounding the lives of Commercial Sex Workers (CSW). The Mamta Network works towards collectivization and mobilization of HIV positive women, while Usha is a micro-credit and cooperative banking initiative exclusively for CSWs. DMSC realized that it would be difficult for these women to access the bank during office hours as they are usually up till late at night. Hence the ‘daily collection initiative’ was born, wherein the children of these women were employed to go door-to-door to collect money, which would be deposited in the bank. DMSC is also actively involved with mainstreaming the children of these women. Shrishti is a vocational training programme which trains the children in the production of handicraft goods(terracotta toys, figurines, bead work),while Beravhenge is an educational assistance program to tackle stigmatization and discrimination of these children in schools. DMSC also provides training in dance and music for these children through Komol Gandhar. Sangeeta*(name changed), who was trained to be a classical dancer by Komol Gandhar, now teaches other children from the community and dreams of establishing her own dance school one day. She is on cloud nine these days, as she will be traveling to Bangkok soon for a dance competition. For a nominal fee the children can also get enrolled at Rahul Vidya Niketan, which is a residential school that provides football and vocational training. 
 
Durbar realized that it was crucial to view the commercial sex workers in totality, complete with the social context that these women function in. The organization has hence done a splendid job of looking at the issues surrounding these women without oversimplifying them and relegating them to a medical problem of STI and HIV/AIDS. Their willingness to innovate and eagerness to involve the community has sustained them over the past 15 years, and enabled them to gain recognition here in Sonagachi, in the community as well as amongst the local authorities. The organization is practically run by the commercial sex workers and their children, with 60% of the staff being from the community. The other 40% comprises of doctors, lawyers, counselors and other technical personnel. 
 
The boys participating in the match were all trained by DMSC coaches in football training sessions held in the commercial sex areas of Titagarh and Seoraphully, where they reside with their mothers. There was much discussion about two boys from the Titagarh team who had recently participated in the World Slum Soccer championship in Poland, the only one of its kind for the underprivileged. 
 
It was a forty-five minute match with a fifteen minute break. The first half saw no goals, but the second half was more aggressive and two goals and a red card later I realized that it was more thrilling than any other sport I had ever watched on T.V. It was also different because I was rooting for both the sides.


  
Poornima is a second year student of the Masters of Public Health in Social Epidemiology programme at TISS, Mumbai


Friday, 23 August 2013

Why Academics Should Take On Narendra Modi: Aditya Prakash

Photo: Joe Paul Cyriac

The US recently rejected Narendra Modi’s visa application. Yes, even after he won a third term as Gujarat’s Chief Minister. The Americans don’t seem to share our mindset of 'elected is legitimate'. For a section of our people, Modi’s election means Modi’s innocence. The BJP mounts this cerebral defense time and again. Surprisingly, it found resonance in the silence of Jagdish Bhagwati.
In recent ramblings against Amartya Sen’s view of development, Jagdish Bhagwati offloaded on Sen. He attacked Sen’s personal credentials, while discerningly keeping his discussion of Modi limited to Gujarat’s economic growth success. While Sen’s audience was deemed dangerous, Modi was portrayed as a little girl building an igloo next to the ageing academic.
Bhagwati is one of the premier economists of the country. He is read throughout the country’s intelligentsia. He could have been critical of Modi’s politics while praising the successes of his neo- liberal policies. Economics can be debated but killing people is just wrong. Yet, the ambit of the article was deemed too small by Bhagwati to mention, leave alone challenge, Modi’s abysmal human rights record.
It is but the unwillingness of academia to demolish dumb statements that allows rhetoric like “But then there have been no riots in Gujarat since 2002”, float about. The air with which Modi and company say it, makes one wonder if it’s a success of the establishment or a favour by the paid goons of the ruling party who are now supposedly underemployed. There shouldn’t have been a riot in 2002. The year was not ‘The year of the Dragon Riot’.
Yet another defense goes, “You cannot blame Narendra Modi for what the crowds did”. The center of the chessboard is a difficult place to hide. Modi placed himself at the very center when he accepted the position of the state’s chief minister. Such a colossal failure of the state to maintain law and order is sadly his responsibility. So are the actions of MLAs in his cabinet like Maya Kodnani who became an arms dealer for The Day.
Modi is at fault, irrespective of whether charges are proved against his person. In a time when the man who should have resigned as Chief Minister 11 years ago is vying for Prime Ministership, the author feels it behooves academia to critique him vociferously. Bring up the 2002 riots in every discussion on anything about Gujarat- because the man in the picture cannot.

Aditya is a second year student of the MA in Development Studies programme at TISS, Mumbai. 

Monday, 19 August 2013

Aquarium: Nabarun Bhattacharya

This is reblogged from the humanitiesunderground blog here. This post consists of translated excerpts from the contemporary fiction writer and poet Nabarun Bhattacharya's anthology Aquarium.

Nabarun Bhattacharya is an exciting dissident voice in the world of contemporary Bengali literature. The 2005 film Herbert (dir: Suman Mukhopadhyay) is based on a novel by him of the same name (recently translated by Arunava Sinha).

Read an interview of Nabarun Bhattacharya here - “I dream of a democratic socialistic order beyond rigid Marxist theory,” says Bhattacharya. “There, people will get enough to eat, their health and lives will be looked after and children educated. Till then, I’ll protest.”

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Useful…Useless

Colin Wilson, the philosopher (and author of The Outsider), often wondered about asking Samuel Beckett whether life was really and altogether so meaningless? But Beckett was such a polite and down-to-earth person that, when they met, Wilson could not ask his question. However, the thought remained with him. Later, he had the opportunity to meet Eugene Ionesco. And when Wilson asked him the same question, it was raining. Ionesco looked outside and, half-jokingly but with a serious detachment said, “Look, it is raining out there. Does that have any meaning?” In this cosy, limitless, undivided third world of soil and wind, goats and humans—everyone knows what rain means. Though I do not have enough data, perhaps Rhinoceros could also be placed in that category.

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A Play for Thought

Recently a play was enacted by workers and labourers of the Mujnai Tea Estate in the Dooars at Siliguri’s Srijan Utsav. A simple plot and subject: death by malnutrition of a little girl in the tea garden. Such things we see all the time. The props and performance were also quite ‘crude’ by regular theatrical standards. What more can one expect from the kuli-kamins of the garden? Anyway, the girl dies after a bout of shrill, insistent coughing. Everyone goes to cremate her. Now this is what is worth narrating. The play is over. But the labourer women won’t stop crying their hearts out. Keening and crying go on and on. No break. No respite. Will this incident make us think? Do we have the competence to think even?
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He Who Has No Refuge

Somewhere the progressives, with clinical precision, are slitting open some necks. And then some progressives, as is their wont, are surely slitting apples and cakes too. There are, of course, quite a sizable number of progressives whose incredible ability to masticate with a purpose will shame our most qualified bovine friends. With all these you have  tremendously progressive enterprises and undertakings: how the Cockatoo’s perch may have evolved from the Mughal period, along with the photographs of some droopy-eyed Cockatoo on mystifying perches; a day of intense debate on whether mass urinals, that resembled the parliament, were to be constructed opposite metro stations; a post-prandial short seminar on whether globalization means the monopoly of the US dollar or the rise of the Russian Mafiosi and the Romanian whores—all these busy activities give us direction for new avenues of thought. This is the real Pragati Maidan—the one in Dilli is totally fake. Those who merely gape at nature’s ravages on the Discovery Channel may be perennially awed by the certainty of such enterprises.

But unfortunately, the mass—paanch-public, is indifferent to this brimming arrangement of progress. The new and improved versions of conscious, rational, scientific, correct, unmistakably almighty programmes are not making people particularly eager. That the Tata Sumos and the Opel Astras of the world are naturally loutish we know, but since when did the dilapidated bicycles, rickshaws, tempos, autos and number 11 become so immature and irresponsible? Whoever is giving them such a long rope, eh? Do they not know that such unctuous, ingratiating behaviour borders on good manners?
Some among the readers would be familiar with that well known incident at Jadavpur University when during a soiree, the late Sagar Sen had just begun, “Venom, I have drunk with full knowledge,” when an elfish student yelled from the back: “Fie on you Sagar! Never such words.” On that note, let us remind the fatuous ones, “Paanchu, never such words.”
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What news from Seattle and Prague?

That was really funny. The Vietnam War was at its peak. In response to the call of the US administration, in a secret and important meeting, a swarm of Nobel-Prize winning scientists got together. Only Linus Pauling, that saint of peace, was not invited. After going through all kinds of ‘classified documents’ the Nobel laureates came to the conclusion that the US military would easily win the Vietnam War. Of course such a prophecy by these wise busybodies was proven wrong. On the other hand, who could tell that the so-called red bastion in erstwhile Soviet Union and other East European nations would give way so easily like a structure erected upon bogus building materials? But then we have the Fukuyamas and Fergussons who know for sure that the game is over. Khel Khatam, Paisa Hajam baba.  But are there some minor doubts, here and there? Prague and Seattle, and now Greece?

Who will show the light of day to the asinine wise? We are waiting.
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Language: A Craftsman’s Wonder

Every year, as the winter is about to decamp, there is a yearly ritual with the Bangla language. Ritual means repetition. The same numbers. Similar platitudes. Same knowledgeable mastication. One feels like eloping with the winter. But what can one do? This is Bengal’s fate—talking precocious bunkum. But within this relentless flat and tedious buffoonery, I came across a hitherto unknown poet Arvind Chaturvedi, who has written this Bangla collection of poetry. The name itself is delicious: “I Speak Bangla after some Arrack.” (Ami Bangla Kheye Bangla Boli). I am sure many will welcome Arvind with open arms. The poems are good. With lots of bones. Strong jaws. Not iced kulfis in the sun.

Recently I have been noticing a pocket-sized virus. A few thousand Indians trying to mock-show novels in English. Aim: Booker or some such heavyweight prize. These are nice folks. Merely looking for some quick fame. That is a normal human tendency. Globalization is helping them too. If you have to be close to the sahibs, you better be Tom, Dick or Harry—who does not know that? The sweet arriviste Bengalis are very much here too. We will call this virus the Rajmohan virus. Nice and sweet, eh?

Fortunately, those who have mashi-pishis, who sup with muri-phuloori, use gamchhas, suddenly smile at the corners of their lips and lose themselves to distant drums, are still writing in Bangla. Writing and will keep on writing. Whether Naipaul’s steamer stops at Aden or Casablanca it does not matter. It goes back to Dover. So no thread, grey or black, in their anatomy gets dislodged.

But we also know that there is a scam, a ghapla, within this neat division between the sahib-native. Some thrive on this division. Whole careers and institutions are made. The sahibs will have ‘amplification, digressions and swellings of style’. Natives: ‘primitive purity and shortness’. Sahibs will dazzle in ‘tropes and figures’. Natives: ‘unaffected sincerity and sound simplicity’. These we have been hearing for decades now.

Whenever the wise maha-pandits have so wished, many craftsmen of art and literature have simply vanished into thin air, have they not? But even as they were getting evaporated and obliterated they kept on saying: “Enough of your drivel. Now fuck off.” Or: “Now is the time to put a muzzle on your mouth.” In Bangla we call the muzzle—kuloop. Has a nice loop to it. That many are invested in making the Bangla language bloodless, asexual, plastic is a long-standing fact. Our job is to just make sure that they get the country treatment. First a tarpaulin. Then an innovative use of bamboo sticks.
I have a feeling that what I have just written has gone a bit awry. Hardly matters. If there is a reasonable beginning, others will take over. That is good enough.
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Stopwatch

During the Paris Commune, communards came out in droves and began shooting at the big and large clocks. They declared that those clocks bore the ruler’s time. We want to establish our time, they said. This we see in Walter Benjamin’s writings too. All of us know that—time in future. I have somewhere read this in Herbert Marcuse too. Anyway, as I kept thinking about the matter, I thought each one of our writings is a stopwatch. As the reader starts reading, each work starts. And sometimes the stopwatches do not run. This ethereal stopwatch can sense the writer’s and the reader’s time. Sometimes in spirals of time too, in a manner—as the perceptive Bakhtin would have it. There is no use manufacturing dysfunctional and feckless watches.

Translation by Humanities Underground

The Wretched of the Earth? : Vivek Kumar

With the monsoons taking over Mumbai in the last couple of months, spilled manholes and clogged drains have become a regular feature in the city. Despite repeated warnings, people ‘employed’ in this ‘sector’ work in inhuman conditions.

People who clean our garbage with their own hands sans any tool or equipment. We see them everywhere and every day. We close our nose and our hearts when we pass by them.
It is a pity that such a practice still continues in India.

But isn't there something called Municipal Corporation in every city? One may ask. Yes, there is. The task of Municipal Corporation, inter alia, is to clean the city's garbage. It employs people for this task, but does not provide them any tools. They are supposed to use their own hands.

But the government can't be so insensitive. It must be doing something for them? Yes, it is. It passes funds every year to the municipal corporations of every city to improve their work. Unfortunately, the grant received seldom reaches the recipients. It is siphoned off by the officials. So the money allotted to buy new tools and machinery which would help in cleaning the city's garbage more efficiently actually goes in the Swiss accounts of the corporate officials.
So, how do we tackle this menace? One answer is more reforms and concomitant mechanization of cleaning our choked drains. Also, sensitization of the common people towards the scavengers needs to be done.

Vivek is a first year student of the MA in Women's Studies programme at TISS, Mumbai

Sunday, 18 August 2013

राष्ट्रीयता, मीडिया और विज्ञान का भगवाकरण : अतुल आनंद

"मैं अपने धर्म की शपथ लेता हूँ, मैं इसके लिए अपनी जान दे दूंगा. लेकिन यह मेरा व्यक्तिगत मामला है. राज्य का इससे कुछ लेना-देना नहीं. राज्य का काम धर्मनिरपेक्ष कल्याण, स्वास्थ्य , संचार, आदि मामलों का ख़याल रखना है, ना कि तुम्हारे और मेरे धर्म का." - महात्मा गाँधी

भारत एक धर्मनिरपेक्ष देश है, ऐसा हमारे संविधान में कहा गया है. संक्षेप में कहे तो धर्मनिरपेक्षता का अर्थ होता है धर्म का राज्य से अलग होना. कई बार इस धर्मनिरपेक्षता शब्द का कोई अर्थ नहीं रह जाता है जब राष्ट्रीयता, मीडिया और विज्ञान के मामलों में देश के बहुसंख्यक धर्म का विशेष ख़याल रखा जाता है. आज से लगभग दस साल पहले भाजपा के शासन वाली सरकार में एनसीईआरटी के इतिहास के किताबों से छेड़छाड़ कर उनका भगवाकरण करने की कोशिश की गयी थी. जिसका देश भर के शिक्षाविदों और बुद्धिजीवियों ने विरोध किया था. इस मामले में सर्वोच्च न्यायालय को भी हस्तक्षेप करना पड़ा था. समय के साथ दक्षिणपंथी समूहों और उनके “इतिहासकारों” और “बुद्धिजीवियों” द्वारा हिंदुत्व का प्रचार और भगवाकरण की कोशिशें बढ़ी हैं.
भारत माता, जो एक हिन्दू देवी दुर्गा का प्रतिरूप लगती है, को दक्षिणपंथी समूहों ने एक “राष्ट्रीय” प्रतीक के रूप में लगभग स्थापित कर लिया है. भारत माता गौरवर्णा है. भारत माता का रंग-रूप से लेकर उनका पहनावा तक एक हिन्दू देवी की तरह है, जो आधे से अधिक भारतीय महिलाओं के रंग-रूप और पहनावे से मेल नहीं खाता. वह दुर्गा की तरह शेर पर सवार है. दिलचस्प बात यह है कि देश का एक प्रमुख दक्षिणपंथी संगठन भारत माता की इस छवि को अपने प्रतीक के रूप में इस्तेमाल करता आया है. भारत माता की जय के नारे हिन्दू संगठनों के कार्यक्रमों से लेकर भारतीय सेना में समान रूप से गूँजते है.
मीडिया का जितना कवरेज हिन्दू धर्म के पर्व-त्योहारों को मिलता है, उतना कवरेज दूसरे धर्मों के पर्व-त्योहारों को शायद ही नसीब होता है. हिन्दू पर्व-त्योहारों के समय प्रमुख हिंदी अखबार अपने ‘मास्टहेड’ को उन पर्व-त्योहारों के रंग से रंग देते हैं. त्योहार विशेष पृष्ठों और खबरों से अखबारों को भर दिया जाता है. इलेक्ट्रॉनिक मीडिया भी बहुसंख्यक धर्म के त्योहारों में पूरी तरह डूब जाती है. वैसे भारतीय मीडिया सालभर हिन्दू धर्मग्रंथों के पात्रों और मिथकों को उद्धृत करती रहती है. भीम जैसे धार्मिक पात्रों को लेकर कार्टून-शो बनाए जाते हैं. हिंदी फिल्मों के नायक भी अधिकतर हिन्दू पात्र ही होते हैं, भले ही उस पात्र को निभाने वाले अभिनेता किसी दूसरे धर्म के हो. हाल ही में इतिहास से छेड़छाड़ का एक और उदाहरण देखने को मिला. टीवी पर शुरू हुए एक नए “ऐतिहासिक” कार्यक्रम में जानबूझकर अकबर को एक मुस्लिम आक्रान्ता और खलनायक के रूप में दिखाने की कोशिश की गयी है. यह अकबर जैसे उदारवादी और धर्मनिरपेक्ष शासक का गलत चित्रण कर नयी पीढ़ी को भ्रमित करने की कोशिश है.
दूसरी तरफ हमारे शासक वर्ग ने (खासकर भाजपा के शासन-काल के दौरान) विज्ञान, स्वदेशी तकनीक और आविष्कारों को हिन्दू धर्म के प्रचार-प्रसार का साधन बना दिया. भारत में विकसित तकनीकों और मिसाइलों का नामकरण हिन्दू मिथकों और पात्रों के नाम पर किया जाने लगा.  “अग्नि”, “इंद्र”, “त्रिशूल”, “वज्र”, “पुष्पक” आदि इसके उदाहरण हैं. दिलचस्प बात यह है कि हिन्दू मिथकों के नाम पर रखे गए इन मिसाइलों के विकास और निर्माण में महत्वपूर्ण योगदान देने वाले ‘मिसाइलमैन’ डॉ कलाम एक अल्पसंख्यक समुदाय से है.
इतना ही नहीं, खेल के क्षेत्र में मिलने वाले पुरस्कारों के नाम “अर्जुन”, “द्रोणाचार्य” आदि भी हिन्दू धर्मग्रंथों से लिए गए हैं.  मध्यप्रदेश में “गो-रक्षा कानून” जैसे अनूठे कानून लागू है. अब वहाँ निचली कक्षा के बच्चों को स्कूलों, मिशिनिरियों और मदरसों में गीता पढ़ाये जाने की कोशिश की जा रही है. यहाँ यह सवाल उठाना बेकार है कि यह कृपा सिर्फ हिन्दू धर्मग्रंथों पर ही क्यूँ की जा रही है? ईसाई और मुस्लिम धर्म के धर्मग्रंथों पर यह कृपा क्यूँ नहीं की जा रही? जब नरेन्द्र मोदी खुद के हिन्दू राष्ट्रवादी होने की घोषणा करते है तो हम भारतीयों को आश्चर्य नहीं होता क्योंकि यह देश तो पहले ही आधे हिन्दू-राष्ट्र में बदल चुका है. सावरकर और गोलवलकर के “हिन्दू-राष्ट्र” की संकल्पना को यथार्थ में बदलने की पूरी कोशिश की जा रही है.

दुर्भाग्य है कि बुद्धजीवियों और वैज्ञानिकों का एक वर्ग आधे-अधूरे और बेबुनियाद तथ्यों के आधार पर हिन्दू मिथकों को स्थापित करने और हिंदूत्व का प्रचार-प्रसार करने का प्रयास कर रहा है. हाल ही में मीडिया और विज्ञान के भगवाकरण का एक बेमिसाल उदाहरण देखने को मिला. दिनांक 29-07-2013, सोमवार के दैनिक भास्कर, झारखंड संस्करण में पृष्ठ संख्या 12 को ‘सोमवारी’ विशेष पृष्ठ बना दिया गया था[1]. दूसरे पृष्ठों पर भी श्रावण महीने में शिव अराधना और सोमवारी से जुड़ी ख़बरें हैं, लेकिन इस विशेष पृष्ठ पर “विशेषज्ञ” शिव और शिव-अराधना के महत्व का बखान कर रहे हैं. एक विशेषज्ञ जहाँ शिव की उपासना विधि बता रहे है वहीँ दूसरी तरफ एक दूसरे विशेषज्ञ यह दावा कर रहे है कि “शिवजी की उपासना से अपमृत्यु योग से मिल सकता है छुटकारा”. इस तरह के विशेष पृष्ठ और विशेषज्ञ विश्लेषण दूसरे धर्मो के त्योहारों के लिए नहीं दिखते हैं.
सबसे दिलचस्प लेख तो इस पृष्ठ के निचले भाग पर “एक वैज्ञानिक विश्लेषण” के रूप में है. शायद अखबार ने दूसरे लेखों की अवैज्ञानिकता को संतुलित करने के लिए इस “वैज्ञानिक विश्लेषण” को जगह दी है, हालांकि यह लेख भी दूसरे लेखों की ही तरह अवैज्ञानिक है. इस लेख का शीर्षक है “न्यूक्लियर रिएक्टर की बनावट है शिवलिंग के जैसा”. आश्चर्य नहीं कि इस तरह के बेसिरपैर की खबरों के कारण हिंदी मीडिया की यह दुर्गति हुई है. अंग्रेजी के शब्द “न्यूक्लियर रिएक्टर” के लिए हिंदी में दो प्रचलित शब्द है “नाभिकीय संयत्र” या “परमाणु संयंत्र”, जो कि इतने कठिन शब्द भी नहीं हैं कि इनका प्रयोग हिंदी के अखबार ना कर पाए. फिर भी अखबार “न्यूक्लियर रिएक्टर” शब्द का प्रयोग कर शायद खुद को “आधुनिक” दिखाने की कोशिश कर रहा है. इस लेख को लिखने वाले रांची के एक जाने माने भूवैज्ञानिक डॉ. नीतीश प्रियदर्शी है. उन्होंने शिवलिंग और परमाणु संयंत्र में समानता स्थापित करने के लिए अजीबोगरीब तथ्य दिए हैं. जैसे कि परमाणु संयंत्र और शिवलिंग की सरंचना बेलन की तरह होती है. यह साबित करने के लिए लेखक ने भाभा परमाणु संयंत्र का उदाहरण दिया है. लेकिन लेखक यह बताना भूल गए कि विश्व के लगभग सभी परमाणु संयंत्रों की बनावट बेलन की तरह ही होती है. इससे यह साबित नहीं हो जाता कि परमाणु संयंत्रों का शिवलिंग से कोई  रिश्ता है. अगर ऐसा होता तो परमाणु संयंत्र का आविष्कार विदेश की जगह भारत में किसी शिवभक्त ने किया होता. ऐसे कामचलाऊ विश्लेषण को वैज्ञानिक विश्लेषण बोल कर आप खुद अपनी फ़जीहत करवा रहे है. लेखक आगे कहते है कि नाभिकीय संयंत्र में भी जल का प्रयोग किया जाता है और शिवलिंग पर भी जल प्रवाहित की जाती है. नाभिकीय संयंत्र में जल का प्रयोग नाभिकीय छड़ों को ठंडा करने के लिए किया जाता है. वहीँ शिवलिंग पर जल के अलावा दूध भी डाला जाता है, लेकिन ये सब शिवलिंग को ठंडा करने के लिए तो नहीं किया जाता. लेखक महोदय भी ऐसा कोई दावा करते नज़र नहीं आते.
यह लेख बेबुनियाद तथ्यों और सुनी-सुनाई बातों पर आधारित है, जिसका एक ही उद्देश्य है- हिन्दू धर्म और इसके “इतिहास” की श्रेष्ठता को साबित करना. लेखक "स्यामंतक" नाम के किसी “रेडियोएक्टिव” पत्थर का जिक्र भी करते है जो सोमनाथ मंदिर में हुआ करता था. लेखक ने यह बताने की जरुरत नहीं समझी कि उस “रेडियोएक्टिव” पत्थर के संपर्क में आने वाले लोग कैंसर का शिकार होकर मरे थे या नहीं?
डॉ. नीतीश प्रियदर्शी के ब्लॉग पर और भी दिलचस्प चीजें मिलती हैं. इस लेख के अखबार में छपने के दिन ही डॉ. नीतीश प्रियदर्शी अपने ब्लॉग पर एक स्लाइड शो डालते है. प्राचीन “भारतीय” संस्कृति में नाभिकीय हथियारों के प्रयोग पर उनके शोध पर आधारित लगभग तेरह मिनट की इस स्लाइड शो का नाम है “डीड इंडिया हैव द एटॉमिक पॉवर इन एन्शिएन्ट डेज?” (क्या भारत के पास प्राचीन काल में परमाणु शक्ति थी?)[2]. अपने शोध से वह यह निष्कर्ष निकालते हैं कि महाभारत के युद्ध में नाभिकीय हथियारों का प्रयोग हुआ था. वह अपने इस इस स्लाइड शो की शुरुआत कणाद द्वारा अणु के अस्तित्व को लेकर खोज से करते है. इस स्लाइड शो में वह हिन्दू धर्मग्रंथों से ऐसे हथियारों के उदाहरण देते है जिसका नाभिकीय हथियारों से कोई संबन्ध नहीं दिखता. जैसे राम द्वारा शिव का बाण तोड़ा जाना, मोहनास्त्र, आग्नेयास्त्र, ब्रह्मास्त्र, पाशुपतास्त्र, इंद्र का वज्र, आदि. इस स्लाइड शो में पौराणिक कथाओं के नागास्त्र, जिसके प्रयोग से नागों की बारिश होती थी, के जैविक हथियार होने की संभावना व्यक्त की गयी है. डॉ. नीतीश प्रियदर्शी यहाँ हिन्दू संस्कृति की महानता और श्रेष्ठता सिद्ध करने के चक्कर में कुछ जरुरी सवालों का जवाब देना भूल जाते हैं. क्या इन अस्त्रों में नाभिकीय पदार्थों का प्रयोग हुआ था? सिर्फ कुछ मन्त्रों के सहारे आप नाभिकीय अस्त्र कैसे बना सकते है? अगर महाभारत के युद्ध में नाभिकीय हथियारों का प्रयोग हुआ भी था तो पांडव और दूसरे लोग जीवित कैसे बच गए? अगर कोई जीवित बचा भी तो विकिरण का प्रभाव आनेवाली पीढ़ियों पर रहता, कई तरह की अनुवांशिक बीमारियाँ और विकृतियाँ होती. जिस कुरुक्षेत्र में इन नाभिकीय हथियारों का इस्तेमाल हुआ था, वह जगह रहने लायक नहीं रहती, विकिरण का प्रभाव हजारों सालों तक रहता है. इन ग्रंथों में परमाणु हथियार या परमाणु संयंत्र बनाने की विधि लिखी होनी चाहिए थी. अपने इस शोध में डॉ. नीतीश प्रियदर्शी ने हड़प्पा और मोहनजोदड़ो की संस्कृति को भी नहीं छोड़ा है जिनका हिन्दू सभ्यता-संस्कृति से कोई रिश्ता नहीं है. इस स्लाइड शो के अंत में डॉ. नीतीश प्रियदर्शी अपने इस शोध की जिम्मेदारियों से खुद को बचाते हुए नज़र आते है. वह बड़ी चालाकी से यह कह कर निकल जाते है कि इस शोध से उन्होंने कुछ साबित करने की कोशिश नहीं की है, यह शोध उन्होंने कुछ इंटरनेट वेबसाइटों और किताबों की मदद से किया है. हालांकि वह उन इंटरनेट वेबसाइटों और किताबों का कोई संदर्भ नहीं देते है. डॉ. नीतीश प्रियदर्शी इन धर्मग्रंथों का वैज्ञानिक और तार्किक विश्लेषण करने की जगह इनका महिमामंडन करते दिखते है.
डॉ. नीतीश प्रियदर्शी अपने एक दूसरे हालिया “शोध” में झारखंड के आदिवासी गाँवों में राम-लक्ष्मण के “पद-चिन्ह” खोज रहे है, जिसकी खबर झारखंड के एक अंग्रेजी अखबार ने छापी है. [3] उनके इस “शोध” का तरीका भी हिन्दू धर्मग्रन्थों के अध्ययन तक सीमित है.  इस “शोध” में वह गाँव में प्रचलित महाभारत और रामायण से जुड़ी किवदंतियों का जिक्र भी करते है. यहाँ पेंच यह है कि आदिवासियों के खुद के आदि-धर्म हैं, उनका हिन्दू धर्म से कोई लेना-देना नहीं तो फिर ये महाभारत और रामायण की किवदंतियाँ कहाँ से आई? इस बाबत जब डॉ. नीतीश प्रियदर्शी से सवाल किया गया तो उन्होंने कहा कि वह भूवैज्ञानिक है और वहाँ पत्थरों और “पद-चिन्हों” पर शोध करने गए थे, उन्होंने गाँववालों से ज्यादा बातचीत नहीं की.
“अल्पसंख्यक तुष्टिकरण” जैसे जुमलों को उछालने वाले यह आसानी से भूल जाते हैं कि इस देश में बहुसंख्यक धर्म का तुष्टिकरण कैसे कई स्तरों पर होता रहता है. इस मामले में मीडिया, बुद्दिजीवी, प्रशासन तो अपनी भूमिका निभाते ही हैं, यहाँ तक कि अदालतें भी कई बार हिन्दू मिथकों के आधार पर फैसलें सुनाती है.


संदर्भ:
[1] http://epaper.bhaskar.com/ranchi/109/29072013/jarkhand/12/
[2] http://nitishpriyadarshi.blogspot.in/2013/07/did-india-have-atomic-power-in-ancient.html
[3] http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130812/jsp/jharkhand/story_17221656.jsp


यह आलेख इस ब्लॉग पर भी डाली गयी है|

These are the personal opinions of the author and do not represent the fieldnotes editorial team or any other organization at TISS.

Darjeeling: Time to Deck the Hills: Imtiaz Akhtar

Wall graffiti in Darjeeling. Source: Wildvanilla(Flickr)
 
Darjeeling is that proverbial place where the soul recuperates, the mind constantly nourishes itself with the awe-inspiring nature. The blue hills of Darjeeling with snow-capped mountains like cones of ice cream cannot but command reverence. But beneath those lovely mountains the poverty is heart wrenching. Like an outcast the worker with deep wrinkles and torn rubber boots still walks in silence. His skin tanned, his eyes sharp like a comet looks at things, contemplates in silence and then moves on. “Life is lived elsewhere”, he thinks. It is his torn shoes that reminds him of his own misery.

It is this grief and disgust that today find itself released when government property is destroyed, tyres burnt, slogans chanted. If today communal cries are being heard over the death of martyrs then surely the grief must be deep. But whether these cries arise from the hills of Darjeeling or Kashmir, none of it will ever reach our ears. But finally it seems that the sleeping elephant has awakened; the great collective of people now want justice. But like all collective movement it too has its own share of demagogues.

Nothing is more lethal than nationalism fed by rhetoric: our own time has given enough clowns. It is a class of neurotics who lives on violence and abject misery of people. The bourgeoisie leadership of the Gorkhaland movement is clearly manipulating the sentiments of the great mass of people. The total revenue earned from tea alone in the year 2011-12 stood at 690.14 million US $. (See the figures have been given by the Ministry of Commerce, Government of India). There are substantial numbers of private boarding schools in the region; if the wealth taken from these and tourism is redistributed, then it could bring genuine relief to the people. (The total population of the region is 1609172, as per the 2001 census).

Although it must be added that given the current pro-privatisation stance of the courts such attempts to nationalise resources may not survive the test of its constitutional validity. In such cases one has to rethink on the whole strategy. “It must be decided on the streets of Darjeeling whether they want to use their resources in an egalitarian way or not”. If this is not done then a mere creation of a state will mean nothing for the working class in the region. The biggest threat today the hills faces is that of natural disasters. These so-called natural disaster owes it origin to illegal construction activity. Will the new state fight for reforms in law and redistribution of wealth? Is a state that functions within a larger capitalist framework legally capable of doing these things?

The people of Darjeeling are not merely alienated from “India” but also from their own society. Centuries of deprivation has taken a toll on their bodies and soul. Away from the centres of power the bourgeoisie leadership has now successfully exploited this angst. They do not demand that people be given the power but quite frankly “we be the simulacra of Delhi-based power hacks”. A young man called Mangal Singh Rajput had to self-immolate himself in order to protest. His death is now providing the fodder to these so-called messiahs of poor and the sub-altern. His martyrdom sadly precedes tyranny. Under these strenuous circumstances the state is blessed to have a Chief Minister Mamta Banerjee who on the slightest criticism damns people as leftists. ( It is after all our own doings that we are paying for: as you sow so shall you reap says the Bible). The government now threatens the people of region with dire consequences if the ongoing historic indefinite strike is not withdrawn within 72 hours. The state does not seem averse to using tear gas, bullets, baton and bayonets: on this front our country never forgets to act with swiftness and it does so under the respectable cloak of legality. Mass murders can quite easily be sanctioned under the existing laws and the perpetrator can also be forgiven. The whole country has become a prison-factory-mental asylum complex. Barring islands of prosperity, the whole country is reeling under intense poverty.

Much of the media has once again displayed how pliant and obedient it can be. This was the time when the media should have introspected on what generates this alienation among the people. During shows on food such news as death of a man appears as a running footnote. While the media multiplies the faces of dictators it turns a blind eye toward the people. If the health of economy goes bad the Prime Minister turns his back to consult the “respectable” corporate leaders. This in itself is an indication of whose government is it.

In the context of rising wave of sub-nationalism one cannot ignore the influence of the communist movement in Nepal where the people led by the armed Maoist guerrillas overthrew the centuries old monarchy led by Gyanendra in 2006. The people of these region form an extended community: they share language, food, gods and culture. While the people’s movement in Nepal has brought about a significant change in the politically passive hills but whether the people of Darjeeling will demand the redistribution of wealth as is happening in Nepal is however unlikely. Far from formulating any such demand the leaders are busy in ensuring who will get what after the victory.

Jean Jacques Rousseau in his influential (but highly tedious) autobiography Confessions (1781) writes about an incident. On his way back from Geneva, one night he was forced to take shelter under the roof of a poor peasant. The peasant out of humility offered a bit of cheese and wine to Rousseau. This left the peasant with nothing. The incident provoked intense resentment and anger in Rousseau. Perhaps it was incidences such as these that must have forced him to contemplate on the meaning of equality and social justice. But if Rousseau or anybody were to visit a peasant’s hut in Darjeeling today, one is tempted to write that “you shall sleep without food”.

It is high time the state stops its annoying panegyrics of power and sit with the people. If possible a referendum be held and if people decide to form a separate state by whatever name they choose, it seems that state has but little option than follow it. And the intellectual of Darjeeling must turn the debate toward issues of jobs, housing and flooding and other basis amenities. It is high time to deck the blue hills.


This is a guest post by Imtiaz Akhtar and was originally posted on the kandarihushiar blog here. Imtiaz is an alumnus of Aligarh Muslim University. 


Saturday, 17 August 2013

Inter-Caste Marraige and Patriarchal Society: Abdul Kalam Azad

It was 2004. I was studying in Assam University, Silchar. I was in a rented house at Irongmara. Being a Muslim it was very tough to manage a rented house in the said area. My friend Santu, suggested me to use my nickname ‘Suman’ to get a house, I did so and got the room. The land lady was very affectionate.
Just few days before the Durga Puja, my birthday was celebrated very auspiciously and most interestingly as per the Hindu tradition. I wore Dhuti-Panjabi, my room was decorated according to the Hindu myth. My classmates and friends attended the function and gifted me lots of books, pens and show-pieces. They made the day immortal in my memory. My best friend who decorated the room with flowers and colorful balloons, wore a cherry red sharee. My land lady was passing comment “These two will be perfect couple!” We were happy and smiled each other. We came to much closer during Durga Puja, Mahalaya’s Prabhat Ferry was something exceptionally delighted to us.
One day suddenly, I came back to Guwahati and never visited Assam University and Irongmara. I lost every connection with my classmates and even with her too. We had never been a couple!
Today, after 8 years, I find that this Durga Puja asked me some odd questions. What ff we were really a couple? Would we have been a perfect couple or the worst one? Would it be have been possible for me to refrain my self from religious affiliation? Would it be possible to me to honour her religious identity? Or what would our child’s religious inclination be? His/her surname? etc..
I know, great thinkers like Dr. Ambedkar also advocated inter-caste marriage and feast to combat untouchability and casteism in India. Many state governments have initiated incentives for inter-caste marriage. After knowing all, this how my mind dares to think such peculiar thought?
You may summarily reject my negative thinking just throwing me to the hell of insanity, conservatism and even religious fundamentalism. But you can’t undermine the sufferings of a girl.
Again, with due respect and apology to your secular setup, I would like to request you to wetness my imaginary conflict in my mind-
Suppose, I was in deep love with best friend, we were crazy for each other. We were ready to renounce the world for each other. Friend, family, religion and even society were not any big hurdle to our love. One day we got married as the provision of special marriage Act. Her family boycotted her forever, her society imposed an infinitive ban on her. I took her to our family. Though I was not sure, my family accepted her! I felt proud (How liberal my family was!). Like a good bride she was learning each and every practices of our family. Knowingly or unknowingly I was ignoring all these process. Some times I thought there is nothing wrong if she acquires all these and sometimes I felt guilty, perhaps she thinks “Our marriage has come to grief because of you”. My mind was dwelling like a pendulum. Socio-cultural obligation has bounded me severely, I couldn’t stare at her. I do not want to rewind my memory to those romantic days. I feel ashamed, I am forced to think “Have I made a mistake 8 years back?”
Today, after 8 years, when she visits a Puja Mondap along with our little angel, I do not feel happy. I head off towards the complaints of my family members. I diktat her not to visit any Puja Mondap, but to enjoy Bakri Eid.
Yes, in my imaginary battle, I was defeated by the norms of patriarchal society, I lost to honor religious identity and most significantly, I lost to give a secular identity to our child.

Thank God, we have never been a couple. I wish she is happy as she was 8 years back. At the same time, I salute all those who have saved their love from the aggression of religion and norms of patriarchy society!

Abdul is a first year student of Social Work at TISS, Guwahati. This post was origanally posted on his blog here.

These are the personal opinions of the author and do not represent the fieldnotes editorial team or any other organization at TISS.